Cannes, now world-famous for its film festival, luxury, and Mediterranean glamour, has a rich and varied history stretching back over two millennia. This blog explores Cannes’ journey from a humble fishing village to an international symbol of culture and prestige. Along the way, you’ll discover its ancient roots, medieval struggles, aristocratic transformation, and the birth of the legendary Cannes Film Festival. Free-to-use images and essential keywords (with search volumes) are provided at the end for your convenience.
Early Beginnings: Ancient and Medieval Cannes 
The first settlement at Cannes dates to the 2nd century BC. For centuries, Cannes was a quiet fishing village along the Mediterranean, its population living modestly and largely undisturbed. The area eventually came under the influence of the Roman Empire, and by the 4th century, the nearby monks of Lérins (from the Îles de Lérins just offshore) played a central role in the region’s development. These monks built and fortified monasteries both on the islands and the mainland, offering protection and spiritual guidance to the local community.
The Name and Early Defenses
The name “Cannes” is believed to derive from the word kan, meaning “summit,” referencing the hilltop area of Le Suquet. Fearing attacks from Saracen pirates, the monks and townspeople constructed fortifications, including a watchtower in what is now Le Suquet, the city’s historic quarter.
Turbulent Centuries: Invasions, Plagues, and Occupations 
The 12th century brought Saracen pirate raids, leading to insecurity and hardship. The 16th and 17th centuries were marked by war and disease: in 1520, Cannes became a corridor for armies during the conflict between French King Francis I and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The plague of 1579 devastated the population, and Spanish troops occupied Cannes in 1635 and again in 1707 during the War of Spanish Succession.
The Man in the Iron Mask
Between these occupations, the fortress on the Îles de Lérins became a state prison. Its most famous inmate was the mysterious “Man in the Iron Mask,” who was imprisoned there for eleven years from 1687. His true identity remains one of France’s enduring mysteries.
18th & 19th Centuries: Calm, Aristocracy, and Transformation 
After centuries of turmoil, the 18th century brought relative peace. The real transformation began in the 19th century when Cannes caught the eye of the European aristocracy. In 1834, Lord Brougham, a British Lord Chancellor, was forced to stop in Cannes due to a cholera outbreak in Italy. Enchanted by the town’s beauty and climate, he built the lavish Villa Eleonore for his ailing daughter and introduced Cannes to the British elite.
This sparked a wave of aristocratic and royal visitors from across Europe, who constructed opulent villas and palaces, especially in the Croix des Gardes and Californie neighborhoods. The town quickly evolved into a fashionable resort, known for its cosmopolitan society and architectural splendor.
The Architectural Heritage of Cannes 
Cannes’ rich history is visible in its remarkable architecture:
- Le Suquet: The old town, with its cobbled streets, medieval facades, and Provencal ambiance, is a living testament to Cannes’ origins. At the summit, Place de la Castre is home to the old castle (now the Museum of World Explorations) and a 22-meter-high square tower dating from the 10th–14th centuries, offering panoramic views of the city and bay.
- Notre-Dame-d’Espérance Church: Built in 1627, this church has stood at the heart of Cannes for centuries, witnessing generations of local life.
- Villas of the Belle Époque: The Villa Rothschild (now a public library) and Villa Domergue (open for tours in summer) showcase the grandeur and creativity of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The gardens of these villas are filled with exotic plants and artistic touches brought by their aristocratic owners.
The Birth of the Cannes Film Festival 
Origins in Political Protest
The story of the Cannes Film Festival begins in 1938, when political interference marred the Venice Mostra (Film Festival). Outraged by the influence of fascist regimes on the awards, French diplomat Philippe Erlanger conceived the idea of a new, independent film festival. With the support of French ministers Jean Zay and Albert Sarraut, the plan gained momentum.
Cannes Chosen as Host
Initially, Biarritz was selected as the host city, but Cannes’ supporters-led by local hoteliers and politicians-successfully lobbied for their town. On 31 May 1939, Cannes and the French government officially announced the birth of the International Film Festival. The city’s Riviera glamour and commitment to building a dedicated venue helped secure its selection.
World War II Interrupts
The first festival was scheduled for September 1939, but World War II broke out days before the opening gala. The festival was canceled and would not resume until after the war.
The Festival Takes Off
In 1946, the inaugural Cannes Film Festival was finally held in the former municipal casino. The event quickly became an international sensation, attracting stars, filmmakers, and industry leaders from around the world. The festival’s original venue, the Palais Croisette, hosted the event for over three decades before being replaced by the modern Palais des Festivals in 1982, a landmark at the western end of La Croisette.
Today, the Cannes Film Festival is one of the world’s most prestigious cultural events, renowned for its red carpet, global premieres, and the coveted Palme d’Or award.
Modern Cannes: Culture, Creativity, and Celebrity 
Cannes is now synonymous with luxury, creativity, and international glamour. The city’s annual calendar is packed with events, from the Film Festival and Cannes Lions advertising festival to yachting regattas and art exhibitions. Its beaches, markets, and historic quarters continue to attract visitors from every corner of the globe.
Notable Districts and Monuments
- La Croisette: The iconic palm-lined boulevard along the sea, home to luxury hotels, boutiques, and the Palais des Festivals.
- Le Suquet: The old town, with its vibrant markets, medieval streets, and sweeping views.
- Îles de Lérins: The islands just offshore, rich in monastic history and natural beauty.
- Villas and Gardens: Explore the Villa Rothschild and Villa Domergue for a glimpse into Cannes’ aristocratic past.
References
- The history of the Festival – Festival de Cannes
- Cannes | France, Map, History, & Facts – Britannica
- History of Cannes – SeeCannes
- Cannes – Wikipedia
- The Palais des Festivals: its historical secrets – Cannes Tourism
- A paradise for architecture lovers – Cannes Tourism
- Cannes Film Festival – Wikipedia
- Monuments & history – Cannes Tourism
Cannes’ story is one of resilience, reinvention, and global allure. From its ancient roots and medieval fortifications to its aristocratic villas and world-famous film festival, the city stands as a beacon of culture, creativity, and Mediterranean beauty. Whether you’re strolling through Le Suquet, marveling at the Palais des Festivals, or soaking up the Riviera sun on La Croisette, you’re walking in the footsteps of history.